Establishing relationships between elements on a page can be done with the design principle of proximity. Elements that are close together are assumed to have a connection, while elements that have more space between them are assumed to be unrelated. When related elements are physically far apart from each other, they are said to be orphaned.

By closing the gap between related items, you create a more organized webpage, making it easier for the reader to find information. Recall how contrast helps define a hierarchy on the webpage. Proximity also plays a role in this.

For example, a caption for a photograph should not have any space between them. Paragraphs of text should not have more than one paragraph return between them. And keep your headings and subheadings close to the related information.